Availability Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Advancements in Expanded Clay Manufacturing Using "Clay-Desert Sand-Oil Sludge" Sludge Composite Materials

This study explores the development of resource-saving expanded clay technology utilizing underutilized clay raw materials and oil extraction waste. Traditional expanded clay production is energy-intensive and often employs high-quality clay; however, our research identifies technological modes and parameters for producing expanded clay through plastic molding, incorporating substandard raw materials and oil sludge. This method eliminates the need for costly energy-releasing additives and reduces energy costs associated with drying and firing by 25-30%. The research aims to demonstrate the feasibility of this novel production technique in the Republic of Kazakhstan, considering the local availability of raw materials, energy resources, and regional demand for thermal insulation materials in industrial and civil construction. Our findings suggest that integrating 'Desert Sand-Oil Sludge' into the batch composition can effectively produce granulated porous thermal insulation material, aligning with the region's development strategy and offering significant economic and environmental benefits.
 Highlights:
 
 Resource Utilization: Uses oil waste and substandard clay to produce expanded clay, reducing reliance on high-quality materials.
 Energy Savings: Cuts energy costs for production by 25-30% through innovative processing.
 Regional Benefit: Aligns with Kazakhstan's strategy by utilizing local resources and supporting construction needs.
 
 Keywords: Expanded Clay, Oil Sludge, Desert Sand

A blend of microalgae and cyanobacteria produced from industrial waste outputs for the enrichments of Artemia salina: Effects on growth performance, antioxidant status and anomalies rate of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae

The recent fast development of the microalgae-related biotechnologies has enabled the availability of sustainable and nutrients-rich raw materials to be used as substitution of conventional sources in aquafeed formulation. However the cost of energy of the photobioreactors used to produce these microorganisms still constrained their wider inclusion into aquafeed compounds. By exploiting industrial waste outputs, Nannochloropsis sp. and Spirulina sp. were produced and utilised to formulate two experimental enrichments (LM1 and LM2). During a 60 days trial, their efficacy have been tested as Artemia metanauplii enrichments in the diet of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae, in comparison to a commercial control. Larvae were fed with isonitrogenous and isolipidic dietary treatments. Each dietary treatment presented a specific profile for the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ARA, DHA and EPA. Ratio of DHA/EPA in enriched Artemia of 4:1 as in the case of LM1 and LM2 in the presence of 1.4% of ARA (as a % on total fatty acid) guaranteed equal results to the control which displayed a ratio of DHA/EPA of 2:1 with 2.2% of ARA. No significant effects of the dietary treatments were detected in final survival, growth performance and incidence of skeletal anomalies. Regarding oxidative status, larvae fed with LM2 enrichment presented lower catalase activity than control larvae with no signs of oxidative damage, suggesting a potential antioxidant effect of LM2. The present study contributes to expanding the existing literature on successful utilisation of microalgae and cyanobacteria, used to produce valuable nutrients, in a perspective of circular nutrients economy.

Strategic insights in manufacturing site selection: a multi-method approach using factor rating, analytic hierarchy process, and best worst method

The current study focuses on selecting the most suitable site location for a manufacturing industry using the Factor Rating Method (FRM). The study considers six key factors: Raw Materials Availability, Location, Availability of Labor, Transport, Availability of Utilities, and Environmental Impact. The FRM assign weights to each factor based on their relative importance. The results indicate that Raw Materials Availability holds the highest weight, suggesting its critical influence on site selection decisions. Subsequently, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Best Worst Method (BWM) are utilized to prioritize three available location alternatives through pairwise criteria comparisons. The analysis reveals that Location C emerges as the most favorable option, effectively meeting the manufacturing industry’s requirements. The successful application of these methods demonstrates their value in aiding decision-making processes related to site location selection. By considering multiple factors and utilizing structured methodologies, organizations can make informed choices aligned with their specific needs and goals. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing insights into effective site selection strategies for the manufacturing industry. Further research opportunities exist in incorporating additional factors, addressing real-world constraints, and conducting sensitivity analyses to enhance the accuracy and applicability of site location decision-making.

EFFECT ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH ADDITION OF SOLID WASTE ASH

The availability of raw material is very limited due to the increased use of concrete. The standard practice of concreting is dosing, mixing (all raw materials), transportation, on-site compaction, finishing and hardening of all raw materials are done industrially. In developed countries like India, the amount of concrete is more and the availability of raw materials is very limited. A complete replacement of concrete is not possible, because no material can fulfil the role of concrete in terms of strength, durability and workability. To achieve the desired workability, strength and durability of concrete, the entire material must be partially replaced. This article provides an explanation of solid waste ash materials used in concrete. The test procedure involved preparing concrete samples with a percentage of cement replaced by fly ash (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) and evaluating their compressive strength (7 and 28 days) and split tensile strength after 28 days of curing.

Review of Climate Strategies in Northern Europe: Exposure to Potential Risks and Limitations

Several northern European countries have announced ambitious plans to become carbon neutral already before the year 2050. Recent research has, however, highlighted how potential bottlenecks in raw material and resource availability could significantly delay or hinder wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) expansion and continued biomass usage in parts of Europe. To address this issue, this paper assesses how exposed the national energy and climate plans (NECPs) of Finland, Estonia, Germany, Sweden, and Denmark are to resource limitations and techno-economic risks by reviewing and analysing 2030 NECP targets compared to statistical energy use data in these countries. The results indicate that the NECPs of Denmark and Germany are particularly exposed to risks related to global raw material availability, as Denmark plans to rapidly grow the share of wind and solar PV in electricity generation to 81% and 13% by 2030, respectively, followed by Germany, which outlines a 39% and 16% share of wind and solar PV in its national climate strategy. The NECPs of Finland and Germany are also shown to be vulnerable to limitations in biomass availability, as there is a significant disparity between the projected biomass usage and legally binding European Union (EU) targets for land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector emissions in 2030 in these countries.

AuNP@ MIL-88B-NH2 nanocomposite for the valorization of nitroarene by green catalytic hydrogenation.

The efficiency of a catalytic process is assessed based on conversion, yield, and time effectiveness. However, these parameters are insufficient for evaluating environmentally sustainable research. As the world is urged to shift towards green catalysis, additional factors such as reaction media, raw material availability, sustainability, waste minimization and catalyst biosafety, need to be considered to accurately determine the efficacy and sustainability of the process. By combining the high porosity and versatility of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and the activity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), efficient, cyclable and biosafe composite catalysts can be achieved. Thus, a composite based on AuNPs and the nanometric flexible porous iron(III) aminoterephthalate MIL-88B-NH2 was successfully synthesized and fully characterized. This nanocomposite was tested as catalyst in the reduction of nitroarenes, which were identified as anthropogenic water pollutants, reaching cyclable high conversion rates at short times for different nitroarenes. Both synthesis and catalytic reactions were performed using green conditions, and even further tested in a time-optimizing one-pot synthesis and catalysis experiment. The sustainability and environmental impact of the catalytic conditions were assessed by green metrics.

Training and Counseling on Stock Opname Bookkeeping at Saung Injuk Restaurant, Bandung Regency

Community Service Activities that provide counseling on the importance of bookkeeping and training on bookkeeping and hospitalization recording for all incoming and outgoing goods activities to maintain the continuity of stock and raw material availability as well as cost efficiency efforts. The outcome that can be realized from this Community Service activity is that actors are able to carry out bookkeeping and recording of their business regularly by using hospitalization recording and calculating cost efficiency. Recording of stock-taking. As a result, "Saung Injuk Restaurant" has been done by the owner but only for ordering raw materials based on the remaining stock. 2) There has not been recorded a match between the initial number of products and after being sold which is then confirmed with the remaining stock. 3) There is a risk that the goods sold with the initial stock do not match the remaining stock.

DEVELOPMENT POLICIES OF THE MICRO, SMALL, AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs) FOR IMPROVING REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

This study explores the importance of developing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and the creative economy, as well as their position as the main drivers of economic growth. Focusing on North Kayong District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, this research highlights the resilience and innovation demonstrated by SMEs in overcoming challenges. Government initiatives target the mitigation of barriers, with an emphasis on developing local superior products to increase regional competitiveness. The main objective is to utilize local potential to create sustainable opportunities for economic expansion and poverty alleviation. Qualitative research methods, through observation, focus group discussions (FGD), and questionnaires, as well as data analysis techniques including difference tests and SWOT analysis. The research results show that there are significant differences between government policies and the expectations of SMEs, while the results of the SWOT analysis show that SMEs have strengths to be developed such as the availability of local raw materials and market uptake, but have challenges such as limited access to funding, infrastructure, training and promotion. product. The position of SMEs is in quadrant two, the most appropriate diversification strategy, including product, market and place diversification. Government mitigation to support the development of SMEs, through policies developing road and transportation infrastructure to facilitate access to products and markets, providing markets for sales of superior products, training facilities for SMEs. The impact on local communities is as a provider of raw materials, developing SMEs and the creative economy, as well as increasing the economy and regional competitiveness.

Technical Analysis of Erection in Pilot Plant Industries at Industrial Vegetable Oil or Industrial Lauric Oil

One source for improving the economy of the green fuel industry is to replace the conventional raw material CPO/CPKO (in this case, formerly processed into RBDPO) with the special palm oil IVO/ILO (industrial vegetable oil or lustrial linoleic oil). The technical aspects to be discussed are the selection of technology, production capacity and production plan, mass balance, production process description, technical equipment specifications, and availability of raw materials, including mechanical and electrical analysis. The abbreviation for the results of this study is that the raw material used is CPO/CPKO, and the product produced is IVO/ILO, which will be used as green fuel material. The process selected is the selection of the production process. IVO/ILO refers to the process of production of CPO, and RBDPO refers to the SNI standard or specification 8875:2020. Its production capacity is 10 tph, the TBS raw material requirement is +540–700 tons per day, and the energy requirement for wood work stations such as reception stations, thresher stations, pressing stations, clarification stations, seed processing stations, and earthquake amps stations Boiler Station and Bleaching Station reach 266.6 KW, where electricity and steam energy are obtained from fiber raw materials and palm fruit shells.

Multienzyme production by Bacillus velezensis strains isolated from fruit residues in submerged fermentation using triticale and sugarcane bagasse in the cultivation media

The production of multienzymes complex that could act in different raw materials is needed to improve the bioethanol production process. We isolated bacteria from vegetable residues, identified as Bacillus velezensis (UPF-B1 and UPF-B2), which were able to simultaneously produce amylolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. The enzyme complex was produced by submerged fermentation in a media containing whole-grain triticale flour and sugarcane bagasse at pH 5.5 without supplementation with micronutrient solutions, reducing the media's costs. The combined use of raw materials (triticale and sugarcane bagasse) led to higher enzymatic activities, which is important given the need for the availability of raw materials for the industrial operation of enzyme and bioethanol production plants. The enzymes produced by UPF-B1 showed their optimum at pH 5.0–5.5 and 40 ºC, and those produced by UPF-B2 at pH 5.0–5.5 and 30–50 ºC. The multienzyme complex produced by the strain UPF-B2 allows the hydrolysis in mild temperatures, near to those of fermentation processes, avoiding the need for thermophilic yeasts in the fermentation step, being a desirable option to be used in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation processes of bioethanol production.

The Role of Efficiency in Beverage Packaging Industry

In fact, the performance of an organization is reflected in its efficiency and best resource utilization. For manufacturing companies, efficient production is a major element of operational efficiency. The main purpose of this study is to identify the factors that affect the efficiency of the beverage Can industry at Ball Egypt, including the availability and quality of raw materials, good conditions for the work environment, planning, high machine capability, and purchasing power, in addition to the contributions of communication, on-the-job training, and intellectual capital to boost the efficiency of the plant. The study used the scale method by using surveys distributed individually to employees as the main tool for data collection. Discovering that the work environment and planning are core functions has an impact on plant efficiency and makes the best use of available resources. High-quality raw materials and machine capability drive the entity to increase productivity and minimize downtime while increasing efficiency. Purchasing power helps to keep lines stable and machine durability high, but it had a negative impact on efficiency. To maximize the outcome of any activity, communication is required to share ideas and handle tasks between departments, as well as to resolve conflicts that may arise. Intellectual capital involved in each department reinforced a good environment and continuously boost incremental development, especially for a fast-changing industry and emerging new entrants. On-the-job training prepares employees to improve their skills and work hard to meet efficiency goals. Through the study, it appeared that missing intentions from top management will cause high losses in efficiency. High-speed lines for beverage Can manufacturing are in dire need of all of these variables to scale up efficiency significantly. Efficiency and effectiveness are inextricably linked and have an impact on the output of any process. Creating a framework for critical factors that affect efficiency will aid the organization's efforts to improve the efficiency of its operations. 

Pengembangan Usaha Kelompok Pengolah Amplang Ikan Bandeng (Chanos Chanos) Mekar Jaya Di Kelurahan Sungai Parit Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara

This research aims to describe the problems and examine the development of the Mekar Jaya Milkfish Amplang Processing Group in Sungai Parit Village, North Penajam Paser Regency. This research was carried out from October 2022 to December 2023 in Sungai Parit Village. The sample consisted of 7 respondents using saturated sampling (census) and purposive sampling methods. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis methods and the theory of business development stages (Anoraga, 2007). The results of the research show that the problems faced by the Mekar Jaya Milkfish Amplang Processing Group consist of a lack of availability of milkfish raw materials, a lack of labor and increasing prices of raw materials such as oil and others. The development study takes the form of development stages (Anoraga, 2007) which include, Stage I to Stage III which explains the identification of business opportunities, business formulation to the selection of the milkfish amplang business as the main business and Stages IV to Stage V explain the implementation of the business to the evaluation of the amplang business milkfish. The role of BAZNAS and the Fisheries Service as stakeholders is to carry out business development for the Mekar Jaya Milkfish Amplang Processing Group which is divided into 4 development aspects, namely business capital, product production, product promotion and facilities and infrastructure.

Bio-based building materials: A prediction of insulating properties for a wide range of agricultural by-products

Sustainable construction is a key solution in the light of today's climate and energy challenges. Indeed, the use of plant-based aggregates in the construction sector helps to improve both energy and environmental efficiency. However, the use of bio-based aggregates as loose-fill insulation remains limited despite the wide availability of raw materials (agricultural by-products or wild plants) and their easy implementation. One of the problems is the diversity of resources that complicates both characterization procedures as well as the understanding and prediction processes of bio-material behaviors. One way to overcome these obstacles is to offer a unified method which is applicable to a wide range of plant-based aggregates. This is the purpose of the following study with the prediction of the thermal conductivity of bulk aggregates. This paper initially focuses on the particle scale in order to identify commonalities across a wide range of aggregates. Based on a multi-scale study, then distinguishes two different types of particulate morphologies. Particulate values of thermal conductivity - unavailable in the literature - can thus be provided over the full range of temperature and relative humidity conditions. A linear relationship between thermal conductivity and density is suggested at the particle scale while this type of relationship was previously known at the material scale. This work will also demonstrate the possibility of anticipating and offering equivalent insulation performances depending on the local resource available for loose-fill insulation cases.

A Raw Material Truck’s Queue System Optimization

We present a field study investigating the impact of raw material supply chain optimization within PT Mekabox International, a producer of high-quality brown papers utilizing recycled sources. To ensure consistent productivity, maintaining supplier interest is crucial due to limited raw material availability. Our findings reveal that expediting unloading processes significantly improves supplier satisfaction beyond pricing alone. Through quantitative analysis using a multi-channel single-phase queuing model, we demonstrate that adding one additional unloading team reduces truck waiting times from 33 to 17 minutes. These improvements enhance operational efficiency, foster stronger relationships with suppliers, and ultimately contribute to sustainable growth in the brown paper industry.
 Highlight :
 
 Optimizing the raw material supply chain for brown paper production can be achieved by expediting unloading processes, which improves supplier satisfaction.
 Quantitative analysis using a queuing model shows that adding one more unloading team can reduce truck waiting times from 33 to 17 minutes.
 These improvements lead to better operational efficiency, stronger relationships with suppliers, and contribute to sustainable growth in the brown paper industry.
 
 Keywords: brown paper, raw material, supplier satisfaction, unloading, queuing model

Functionalization Methods of Starch and Its Derivatives: From Old Limitations to New Possibilities.

It has long been known that starch as a raw material is of strategic importance for meeting primarily the nutritional needs of people around the world. Year by year, the demand not only for traditional but also for functional food based on starch and its derivatives is growing. Problems with the availability of petrochemical raw materials, as well as environmental problems with the recycling of post-production waste, make non-food industries also increasingly interested in this biopolymer. Its supporters will point out countless advantages such as wide availability, renewability, and biodegradability. Opponents, in turn, will argue that they will not balance the problems with its processing and storage and poor functional properties. Hence, the race to find new methods to improve starch properties towards multifunctionality is still ongoing. For these reasons, in the presented review, referring to the structure and physicochemical properties of starch, attempts were made to highlight not only the current limitations in its processing but also new possibilities. Attention was paid to progress in the non-selective and selective functionalization of starch to obtain materials with the greatest application potential in the food (resistant starch, dextrins, and maltodextrins) and/or in the non-food industries (hydrophobic and oxidized starch).

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penentuan Lokasi Pabrik Baru Menggunakan Metode ROC dan MAUT

Factories are places where goods and services are mass produced. Factories collect and integrate various resources, such as labor, capital, and machines. Factories have an important role in a country's economy, because they produce goods and services that society needs. Apart from that, factories can also create jobs and improve community welfare. However, factories can also have a negative impact on companies and the environment. Companies that produce goods with certain raw materials must consider the availability of raw materials at the factory location. If raw materials are not available at that location, the company must bring them in from other locations, which can increase production costs. Apart from that, companies must also consider the availability of adequate infrastructure, such as roads, electricity, air and telecommunications. If infrastructure is inadequate, companies have to invest to build it, which can also increase production costs. In this study, the ROC method and the MAUT method were used, the ROC method was used to determine the level of importance of the criteria used in selecting the factory location. The MAUT method is used to rank factory locations. The five criteria used in selecting factory locations are: availability of raw materials, availability of infrastructure, labor costs, transportation costs, and environmental impact. A total of 10 factory locations were selected based on predetermined criteria. The final results show that the best factory location is location E with a final score of 0.682, followed by location H and location F with a final score of 0.619 and 0.453 respectively.

Biodiesel Making from Waste Vegetable Oils: A Case Study of Lab to Plant Technology Transfer

Great deals of efforts are being made to promote bio-diesel as an environment-friendly alternative to the petrodiesel to meet the increasing demands. Two important issues which are hindering the dissemination of the technology are: raw material availability at an affordable cost, and the acceptable quality of the bio-diesel satisfying the BIS standards. The study was undertaken with the duel objectives to make bio-diesel from cheaper unconventional raw materials, as well as to demonstrate a process at a pilot plant scale at users’ site. Wastes of vegetable oil refining such as acid oil as well as waste cooking oils were processed for making biodiesel. Process reported here used esterification, followed by transesterification of oil using methanol, and a chosen catalyst. The processes were initially studied on laboratory scale conversion units (20 l/batch), which enabled to determine the process parameters for the pilot field-unit (400 l/batch). The process flow design, mass balance, process time for the batch processes were established and are reported along with the important fuel properties of biodiesel such as density, viscosity, moisture content and flash point. The technology has been demonstrated for its technical performance at a Village Industry Centre, where the bio-diesel produced is used in-situ for electricity generation.

Thermoelectric Materials Based on Lead Telluride and Prospects for their Practical Application

Lead telluride (PbTe) is considered one of the most promising materials in thermoelectrics due to its unique thermoelectric properties. This semiconductor exhibits a high thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) in certain temperature ranges, making it highly effective for converting heat energy into electricity. Additionally, PbTe is characterized by stability and low thermal conductivity, which further enhances the efficiency of thermoelectric devices. Another advantage of using PbTe is its relative affordability and high availability of raw materials. This makes it attractive for manufacturing mass thermoelectric devices such as thermoelectric modules for automobiles, industrial thermoelectric generators, heat recirculation, and others. The paper provides a review of works and an analysis of general approaches to semiconductor thermoelectric materials, including lead telluride.

Comparative Performance of Hay Densification Machines

Densification and baling of hay material is required to reduce its volume for easy transport. Three types of densification machines viz. i) stationary baler; ii) movable baler; and iii) field baler were evaluated for densification of different hay materials. The output from stationary, movable and field baler were 0.045, 0.21 and 0.86 t.h-1, respectively. Densification with stationary baler needed all the hay material to be carried to the densification yard, thus increasing man power requirement and costs while movable baler could be moved to the place of availability of raw material. Field baler could collect and bale the harvested hay material spread on field. Field baler also operated under stationary condition with manual feeding of hay material heaped at one place. The cost of operation with stationary, movable and field baler were Rs.14400, 4700 and 1500 Rs.t-1 of bales formed, respectively.

Unlocking the potential of Tanzania's cashew processing industry: A comparative analysis with Côte d’Ivoire and Mozambique

Cashew processing is a vital contributor to economic growth in Tanzania, renowned for its cashew nut production. However, despite the country’s historical prominence in cashew production, only 5% of raw cashews undergo local processing, resulting in substantial economic losses. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities within Tanzania’s cashew processing industry, focusing on limited local processing capacity, inefficient tools, raw material availability, market access, and government support. Comparative insights from Côte d’Ivoire and Mozambique further enrich our understanding of the cashew sector. It recommends increasing local processing capacity, enhancing technical expertise through training, ensuring a reliable supply of high-quality raw materials, improving market access via information systems, and strengthening government support with tailored policy frameworks. Notably, the paper emphasizes regional collaboration among African cashew-producing nations as a crucial strategy for collective growth and knowledge exchange. By drawing upon their experiences, this study aims to provide guidance for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and investors to revitalize and sustain Tanzania’s cashew processing sector.